Conjugation and Reversal

Theorem: For any $x\in{\bf C}^N$,

$$\zbox {\overline{x} \leftrightarrow \hbox{\sc Flip}(\overline{X}).}$$

Proof:

$$\begin{eqnarray*} \hbox{\sc DFT}_k(\overline{x}) &\isdef & \sum_{n=0}^{N-1}\ov... ...n) e^{-j 2\pi n(-k)/N}} \isdef \hbox{\sc Flip}_k(\overline{X}) \end{eqnarray*}$$

Theorem: For any $x\in{\bf C}^N$,

$$\zbox {\hbox{\sc Flip}(\overline{x}) \leftrightarrow \overline{X}.}$$

Proof: Making the change of summation variable $m\isdeftext N-n$, we get

$$\begin{eqnarray*} \hbox{\sc DFT}_k(\hbox{\sc Flip}(\overline{x})) &\isdef & \s... ...sum_{m=0}^{N-1}x(m) e^{-j 2\pi m k/N}} \isdef \overline{X(k)}. \end{eqnarray*}$$

Theorem: For any $x\in{\bf C}^N$,

$$\zbox {\hbox{\sc Flip}(x) \leftrightarrow \hbox{\sc Flip}(X).}$$

Proof:

$$\begin{eqnarray*} \hbox{\sc DFT}_k[\hbox{\sc Flip}(x)] &\isdef & \sum_{n=0}^{N-1... ...-1}x(m) e^{j 2\pi mk/N} \isdef X(-k) \isdef \hbox{\sc Flip}_k(X) \end{eqnarray*}$$

Corollary: For any $x\in{\bf R}^N$,

$$\zbox {\hbox{\sc Flip}(x) \leftrightarrow \overline{X}}$$   $$\mbox{($x$\ real).}$$

Proof: Picking up the previous proof at the third formula, remembering that $x$ is real,

$$\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}x(n) e^{j 2\pi nk/N} = \overline{\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}... .../N}} = \overline{\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}x(n) e^{-j 2\pi nk/N}} \isdef \overline{X(k)}$$

when $x(n)$ is real.

Thus, conjugation in the frequency domain corresponds to reversal in the time domain. Another way to say it is that negating spectral phase flips the signal around backwards in time.

Corollary: For any $x\in{\bf R}^N$,

$$\zbox {\hbox{\sc Flip}(X) = \overline{X}}$$   $$\mbox{($x$\ real).}$$

Proof: This follows from the previous two cases.

Definition: The property $X(-k)=\overline{X(k)}$ is called Hermitian symmetry or ``conjugate symmetry.'' If $X(-k)=-\overline{X(k)}$, it may be called skew-Hermitian.

Another way to state the preceding corollary is

$$\zbox {x\in{\bf R}^N\leftrightarrow X\,\mbox{is Hermitian}.}$$