Why Phasors are Important

LTI systems perform only four operations on a signal: copying, scaling, delaying, and adding. As a result, each output is always a linear combination of delayed copies of the input signal(s). (A linear combination is simply a weighted sum.) In any linear combination of delayed copies of a complex sinusoid

$$y(n) = \sum_{i=1}^N g_i x(n-d_i)$$

where $g_i$ is a weighting factor, $d_i$ is the $i$th delay, and

$$x(n)=e^{j\omega nT}$$

is a complex sinusoid, the ``carrier term'' $e^{j\omega nT}$ can be ``factored out'' of the linear combination:

$$\begin{eqnarray*} y(n) &=& \sum_{i=1}^N g_i e^{j[\omega (n-d_i)T]} = \sum_{i=1}... ...e^{-j \omega d_i T} = x(n) \sum_{i=1}^N g_i e^{-j \omega d_i T} \end{eqnarray*}$$

The operation of the LTI system on a complex sinusoids is thus reduced to a calculation involving only phasors, which are simply complex numbers.

Since every signal can be expressed as a linear combination of complex sinusoids, this analysis can be applied to any signal by expanding the signal into its weighted sum of complex sinusoids (i.e., by expressing it as an inverse Fourier transform).